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In this blog post, I will cover Es7 features tutorials with examples.
ECMAScript 2016 or ES2016 or Es7 introduction
In my previous posts, Posted a lot of articles on Es6/Es2015 features. Javascript is a popular scripting language for building software applications. ES7 is also called ECMAScript 2016 or ES2016. Every release to javascript introduced many features. The previous version - ES6(ECMAScript 2015) released a lot of features including language and API changes. Es7 or ECMAScript 2016 is a minor release that contains only two features
- Array.prototype.includes
- Exponentiation Operator
Array.prototype.includes() method
Es7 introduced includes in the array object. includes() method check an element/object exists in an array of elements/objects.
if exists, returns true, else returns false.
includes() method is an replacement of indexOf() method of prior to es7 code.
Syntax
Array.prototype.includes(element) :boolean
Parameters are an element - Element to search in an array Return value - returns the Boolean value true -element contains in Array Includes checks element using the sameValueZero algorithm to find an element Includes checks element using the sameValueZero algorithm to find an element
var numericArray = [9, 21, 5];
console.log(numericArray.includes(21)); // outputs true
console.log(numericArray.includes(2)); // outputs false
Includes method is alike of indexOf() method of ES6 or prior versions. ES6 or Es5 - checking element in an array using index() method Before Es6 versions of javascript, We used indexOf() method to search element The same above code can be rewritten as follows
var numericArray = [9, 21, 5];
console.log(numericArray.indexOf(21)>=0); // outputs true
console.log(numericArray.indexOf(2)>=0); // outputs false
indexOf() method used to check the element in an array. It returns the position of a matched element in the array or -1 if the element is not found. The developer has to write a code to check position to return a boolean value
arr.includes(x)
arr.indexOf(x) >= 0
Both methods treat +0 and -0 in the same
console.log([-0].includes(+0)) // === true)
console.log([+0].includes(-0)) // === true)
console.log([-0].indexOf(+0)>=0) // === true)
console.log([+0].indexOf(-0)>=0) // === true)
Difference between Array.prototype.includes and Array.prototype.IndexOf method.
Both have the same purpose for finding an element in an array. includes method checks undefined and NaN elements, Index method does not NaN is at a global object and its value is Not-a-Number. NaN and Undefined are valid values in javascript
Includes and IndexOf
Returns Boolean value - true or false
Return numeric value >=0 or -1
Handles NaN values correctly. it will be very useful for comparing NaN values
console.log([NaN].includes(NaN))// outputs true
Inconsistency in Nan Value handling
console.log([NaN].indexOf(NaN)) // outputs false
Undefined value checks return true and comparison works as expected
console.log( [, , ].includes(undefined)>=0) // === true)
Undefined checks return false
console.log( [, , , ,].indexOf(undefined)>=0) // === true)
Includes() makes the developer life easy for dealing with element comparison in the array data structure.
Exponentiation Operator
the name itself says it is an operator dealing with mathematical operations. The exponential operation multiplies the number by exponent times 4 exponential 2 or 4 power 2 is 4* 4=16. In Es6 and prior versions, To do exponential operations, You have to use the Math.pow method.
Es6 and Prior Version Exponentiona operator example
console.log(Math.pow(3,4)) // 81 console.log( Math.pow(5,2)) // 25
Infix Operator Example
With Es7/Es2016, New operator introduced to handle exponential operator Infix operator ** is used for exponential The same syntax can be rewritten using new es7 syntax.
console.log(3**4)) // 81
console.log( 5**2)) // 25
Exponential operator assignment example
It uses as assignment expressions. Below is a code for usage of an assignment expression.
let value = 2
value **= 5
console.log(value === Math.pow(2,5)) // true
