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In this blog post, I will cover Es7 features tutorials with examples.
ECMAScript 2016 or ES2016 or Es7 introduction
Javascript is a popular scripting language for building software applications. ES7 is also called ECMAScript 2016 or ES2016.
Every release to javascript introduced many features. The previous version - ES6(ECMAScript 2015) released a lot of features including language and API changes. Es7 or ECMAScript 2016 is a minor release that contains only two features.
- Array.prototype.includes
- Exponentiation Operator You can also check Es6/Es2015 features.
Array.prototype.includes() method
Es7 introduced includes in the array object. includes() method check an element/object exists in an array of elements/objects.
if exists, returns true, else returns false.
includes() method is an replacement of indexOf() method of prior to es7 code.
Syntax:
Array.prototype.includes(element) :boolean
Parameters are an element
Element to search in an array
Return value - returns the Boolean value true - element contains in Array.
Includes checks element using the sameValueZero algorithm to find an element Includes checks element using the sameValueZero algorithm to find an element
var numericArray = [9, 21, 5];
console.log(numericArray.includes(21)); // outputs true
console.log(numericArray.includes(2)); // outputs false
The Includes method is like of indexOf() method of ES6 or prior versions.
In ES6 or Es5 versions, the - index() method is used to check element that exists in an array using. Following is an example of finding an element that exists in Es6 versions of javascript, using the indexOf() method. The same above code can be rewritten as follows
var numericArray = [9, 21, 5];
console.log(numericArray.indexOf(21)>=0); // outputs true
console.log(numericArray.indexOf(2)>=0); // outputs false
The indexOf() method is used to check the element in an array. It returns the position of a matched element in the array or -1 if the element is not found. The developer has to write a code to check the position to return a boolean value
arr.includes(x)
arr.indexOf(x) >= 0
Both methods treat +0 and -0 in the same
console.log([-0].includes(+0)) // === true)
console.log([+0].includes(-0)) // === true)
console.log([-0].indexOf(+0)>=0) // === true)
console.log([+0].indexOf(-0)>=0) // === true)
Difference between Array.prototype.includes and Array.prototype.IndexOf method
Both have the same purpose for finding an element in an array. includes method checks undefined and NaN elements, Index method does not NaN is at a global object and its value is Not-a-Number. NaN and Undefined are valid values in javascript
Includes and IndexOf:
Returns Boolean value - true or false
Return numeric value >=0 or -1
Handles NaN values correctly. it will be very useful for comparing NaN values
console.log([NaN].includes(NaN))// outputs true
Inconsistency in Nan Value handling
console.log([NaN].indexOf(NaN)) // outputs false
Undefined value checks return true and comparison works as expected
console.log( [, , ].includes(undefined)>=0) // === true)
Undefined checks return false.
console.log( [, , , ,].indexOf(undefined)>=0) // === true)
Includes() makes the developer’s life easy for dealing with element comparison in the array data structure.
Exponentiation Operator in javascript
the name itself says it is an operator dealing with mathematical operations. The exponential operation multiplies the number by exponent times 4 exponential 2 or 4 power 2 is 4* 4=16. In Es6 and prior versions, To do exponential operations, You have to use the Math.pow method.
Es6 and Prior Version Exponentiation operator example
console.log(Math.pow(3,4)) // 81 console.log( Math.pow(5,2)) // 25
Infix Operator Example
With Es7/Es2016, New operator was introduced to handle the exponential operator Infix operator ** is used for exponential The same syntax can be rewritten using the new es7 syntax.
console.log(3**4)) // 81
console.log( 5**2)) // 25
Exponential operator assignment example
It uses as an assignment expression. Below is a code for the usage of an assignment expression.
let value = 2
value **= 5
console.log(value === Math.pow(2,5)) // true
